DNB Surgery Q-BANK 2011-2025

Surgical Q Bank

Choose a Topic

SURGICAL BASIC PRINCIPLES

TRAUMA SURGERY

HEAD AND NECK SURGERY

BREAST SURGERY

ENDOCRINE SURGERY

PLASTIC SURGERY

BURNS

ESOPHAGUS

STOMACH & DUODENUM

SMALL INTESTINE

COLON, RECTUM, AND ANUS

ABDOMINAL WALL & HERNIAS

LIVER

BILIARY SYSTEM

PANCREAS

SPLEEN

TRANSPLANTATION & IMMUNOLOGY

VASCULAR SURGERY

PEDIATRIC SURGERY

UROLOGIC SURGERY

BIOSTATISTICS & EVIDENCE-BASED SURGERY

SURGICAL BASIC PRINCIPLES

1. Ethics and Professionalism in Surgery

• Principles of ethics; Process of obtaining consent for an unconscious, hypotensive minor after a fall from height, citing anticipated problems. (Oct 2023)
• a) Counselling and consent for a patient to be operated for Superficial parotidectomy for pleomorphic adenoma. (Oct 2024)
• 'Informed Consent' and its medicolegal implications; Important components of informed consent and practical difficulties in getting such consent in some surgical patients. (June 2013, Dec 2012)
• b) Consumer Protection Act and its implication for a surgeon. (June 2013)

2. The Inflammatory Response & Metabolic Response to Injury

• What is SIRS? Discuss metabolic response to injury and explain neuroendocrine pathway. (Oct 2024)
• a) Neuroendocrine response to injury.
  a) Factors to reduce surgical stress response. (Oct 2023, June 2021)
• a) Avoidable factors that compound the response to injury. (Dec 2022)

3. Shock, Electrolytes, and Fluid Balance

Shock (General, Classification, Pathophysiology, Management)

• Define shock; Describe pathophysiological response of body to shock; Classify shock; Describe the stages of shock; Monitoring of patient in shock. (Oct 2023, Dec 2022, June 2021, Dec 2019, June 2018, Dec 2017)
• Management and consequences of hypovolemic shock. (Dec 2019)
• A 40-years-old, chronic alcoholic male has presented in emergency with history of massive melena and shock. Briefly discuss his evaluation and management. (Dec 2022)

Specific Types of Shock

• a) Classification of hemorrhagic shock. b) Management of hemorrhagic shock; b) Management of retroperitoneal hematoma. (May 2024, Oct 2023)
• Enumerate causes of vasodilatory shock. Briefly discuss its pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. (June 2019)
• a) Define septic shock. b) Causes and management of septic shock. (April 2016)

Fluid & Electrolyte Balance

• Classify the types of body fluid changes. (Oct 2024)
• b) Concept of state of zero fluid balance. (June 2022)
• a) Fluid and electrolyte distribution in the body. b) Management of fluid and electrolytes in high output gastrointestinal fistulas. (Dec 2020)
• Briefly describe various types of intravenous fluids along with their indications; Complications of prolonged I.V fluids. (June 2014)

Blood Products & Transfusion

• a) Pathophysiology of hemorrhage. b) Enumerate different blood products; Describe various blood products and their indications. (Dec 2020, Dec 2017, April 2016, June 2014, Dec 2012)
• a) Damage control resuscitation. b) Complications of blood transfusion; Define massive blood transfusion, its complications, and how to treat coagulopathy. (June 2021, Dec 2020, Dec 2017, Dec 2014)

4. Metabolism in Surgical Patients & Nutritional Support

Nutritional Assessment

• a) Describe the methods of nutritional assessment of a surgical patient. (Dec 2021)
• a) Assessment of nutritional status (in a severely malnourished patient). (Dec 2016)

Enteral & Parenteral Nutrition

• List the surgical options for enteral feeding. Discuss the surgical steps and advantages of any two. (Oct 2023)
• Define enteral nutrition. Discuss its indications, contraindications, methods and complications. (Dec 2018)
• a) Outline of parenteral nutrition in entero-cutaneous fistula. b) Enumerate various complications of parenteral nutrition. (June 2019)
• Define parenteral nutrition. What solutions are commonly available? Discuss its complications. (Dec 2014)

5. Wound Healing

Phases & Physiology of Wound Healing

• Describe phases of wound healing; Enumerate factors affecting wound healing; Briefly discuss the physiology of healing. (Oct 2024, Dec 2019, June 2014)
• b) Types of wound healing. (April 2023, Dec 2017)

Management of Wounds & Ulcers

• Describe Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT/VAC); Mechanism and benefits in wound management. (Oct 2024, Dec 2020, Dec 2017, Dec 2016)
• a) What is 'Biofilm' and how does it influence healing of chronic wounds? b) How will you diagnose and evaluate a patient with non healing ulcer of foot? (Dec 2021)
• b) Describe types of wound dressings and their indications for use. (May 2024, June 2020, Dec 2016)

Scars (Keloid & Hypertrophic)

• b) Differences between keloid and hypertrophic scar. b) How would you treat a presternal keloid in a young girl? (June 2021, June 2016)
• What steps can be taken to minimize hypertrophic scars? (Dec 2012)

6. Regenerative Medicine

• Role of Stem Cell Therapy in surgical practice. (June 2016)
• a) Describe various bio-engineered skin substitutes and their current status in patient care. (Dec 2021)

7. Critical Assessment of Surgical Outcomes (Research & Audit)

• Discuss evidence based surgical practice and quality assurance. (June 2020)
• In the context of evidence based surgery: a) Levels of evidence. b) Categories of recommendation. c) Types of study designs. (Dec 2016)
• Compare and contrast research, clinical audit and service evaluation. (June 2015, June 2014)
• a) Surgical Audit: What is it and what are its methods and advantages? (June 2022, April 2016)

8. Perioperative Care (Including Safety, ERAS, Anaesthesia)

Surgical Safety & Environment

• a) Surgical safety check list. (Oct 2024) b) WHO Surgical Safety Checklist. (June 2020)
• Briefly discuss the risk factors, preventive measures, diagnosis and management of retained surgical sponge. (April 2023, June 2019)
• What is 'Universal Precautions'? Discuss its role in prevention of Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI). (June 2013, Dec 2012)

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)

• What is ERAS protocol? Describe in detail the components and implementation of ERAS in modern surgery. Discuss barriers to its implementation. (Oct 2024, Dec 2018, Dec 2015)

9. Surgical Complications

General Postoperative Complications

• Enumerate the causes of postoperative fever. Discuss its management. (May 2024, June 2021, Dec 2013)
• Enumerate various postoperative respiratory complications and discuss their management. (Dec 2020)
• Enumerate various system specific postoperative complications, focusing on chest complications and their management. (Dec 2018)

Surgical Site Infections (SSI) & Wound Complications

• a) Define Surgical Site Infection (SSI). b) Enumerate types/class of surgical wounds and expected infection rates. c) Describe methods for reducing incidence of SSI. (Dec 2021)
• What is wound dehiscence? What are the various causes for it? How will you manage such a case? (Dec 2013)

Specific Complications

• Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of abdominal compartment syndrome. (June 2020, Dec 2015)
• Prevention and management of intraperitoneal adhesions. (June 2020, Dec 2016, June 2014)

10. Minimally Invasive & Robotic Surgery

MIS & Laparoscopy (General Principles)

• a) Endoscopic Ultrasound: Role and principles. (Oct 2024, June 2019, June 2013, Dec 2011)
• a) Explain importance of ergonomics for laparoscopic cholecystectomy with the help of diagrams. (Oct 2023)
• a) Advantages of minimal access surgery. b) Limitations of laparoscopic surgery. (Dec 2020)

Energy Devices & Electrosurgery

• a) Principles of cutting and coagulation mode in electrosurgery. (May 2024)
• Describe principles, types and precautions of Surgical diathermy. (June 2022, Dec 2013)
• a) Energy devices in operation theatre. b) Principles of safe use of electrosurgery and prevention of complications. (Dec 2016, Dec 2012)

Robotic Surgery

• b) Advantages and disadvantages of robotic surgery systems compared to laparoscopy. (May 2024, Dec 2021, June 2021, Dec 2015, June 2015)
• Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of robotic surgery, and its current status in surgical practice. (Dec 2021)

TRAUMA SURGERY (Management of Acute Trauma)

1. Initial Assessment & Management in Polytrauma

• Principles of assessment in hospital: primary survey, secondary survey, triage, golden hour. Initial management & evaluation of polytrauma patient. Role of trauma team in managing life-threatening injuries. (Oct 2024, Oct 2023, June 2022, June 2021, Dec 2020, Dec 2018, June 2018, Dec 2016, Dec 2012)
• Physiological changes that take place after major trauma. (April 2016)
• Discuss various surgical risk scores used for identifying high-risk surgical patients. (June 2021)

2. Damage Control Surgery & Resuscitation

Damage Control Surgery (DCS)

• Concept, indications, important steps, and principles of Damage Control Surgery in polytrauma (including Early Total Care vs. DCS, and in specific injuries like liver trauma). (May 2024, Oct 2023, June 2022, June 2021, June 2020, June 2019, Dec 2015, Dec 2013)

Hemorrhagic Shock & ATLS

• Classification of hemorrhagic shock and management of retroperitoneal hematoma. (May 2024)
• Enumerate the basic concepts of ATLS (Advanced Trauma Life Support). (Dec 2021)

3. Head & Spinal Injury

Head Injury (Assessment, GCS, Management, Complications)

• Initial assessment and management of head injury (unconscious patients, scalp bleeding, imaging indications, admission criteria). Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) and its role. Pathophysiology of head injury, secondary brain injury prevention. Surgical management of raised intracranial pressure (e.g., decompressive craniotomy). Diagnosis and management of extradural hematoma. (Oct 2024, Oct 2023, April 2023, June 2022, June 2021, Dec 2020, Dec 2016, Dec 2015, June 2014, June 2012)

Spinal Injury

• Diagnosis and management of paraplegia following spinal injury. (Dec 2022)

4. Thoracic Trauma

Flail Chest

• Definition, types, presentation, pathology, associated injuries, mechanisms, and management of flail chest. (Oct 2024, June 2021, June 2019, June 2017, June 2016, June 2013, Dec 2012, Dec 2011)

Pneumothorax

• Tension pneumothorax: Clinical features, diagnosis, and management. (Oct 2024, June 2019, June 2012)

Other Thoracic Injuries

• Mechanism of penetrating injuries caused by firearms; Diagnosis and management of pericardial tamponade following blunt chest trauma. (Dec 2022)
• Indications of thoracotomy in chest trauma. (Dec 2013)

5. Abdominal & Pelvic Trauma

General Abdominal & Pelvic Trauma

• Emergency evaluation and management of straddle injury with hematuria/perineal hematoma. Management of lower abdominal/pelvic injury with non-passage of urine. (Oct 2024, April 2023)
• Diagnosis, investigations, and management of run-over injury of the abdomen presenting with shock and respiratory distress. (April 2023)
• Common firearms used, mechanism of firearm injury, and recent trends in managing such an injury to abdomen. (Dec 2019)

Specific Organ Injuries (Abdominal)

• Initial management and surgical approach in blunt liver trauma; Management of Grade IV liver injury. (June 2015, Dec 2019)
• Management of splenic trauma (blunt); Management of Grade III Splenic trauma. (Dec 2021, Dec 2014, June 2018)
• Presentation, diagnosis and management of pancreatic injury following blunt abdominal trauma. (June 2019)

Traumatic Diaphragmatic Hernia

• Aetiology, clinical features, principles of management, diagnosis of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. (June 2020, Dec 2015, June 2013)

6. Extremity & Neck Trauma

• Limb compartment syndrome. (May 2024)
• Fractures of the facial skeleton; Management of acute airway obstruction in facio-maxillary trauma. (May 2024, June 2022)
• Causes of non-union of fracture. (June 2021)
• Surgical anatomy relevant to penetrating neck injury; Evaluation and management of penetrating neck injuries including principles of investigations and treatment. (April 2023, Dec 2016)

7. Miscellaneous Trauma-Related Topics

• Marjolin's ulcer. (Oct 2024)
• Necrotizing fasciitis, Dry Gangrene

HEAD AND NECK SURGERY

1. Salivary Gland Diseases & Tumors

Parotid Gland (Anatomy, Tumors, Parotidectomy)

• Surgical anatomy of the parotid gland; Anatomical landmarks for identification of the facial nerve during parotid surgery, methods of intra-operative identification, and management of traumatic facial nerve paralysis. (Oct 2024, May 2024, June 2022, June 2019, Dec 2018, Dec 2016, June 2014, Dec 2012)
• Classification of salivary gland tumors; Presentation, investigation, and management of pleomorphic adenoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland. (Oct 2024, June 2022, June 2018, Dec 2017, June 2015, Dec 2011)
• Types of parotidectomy (Superficial, Extracapsular, Radical); Principles and complications of superficial parotidectomy and their management. (Oct 2024, Dec 2022, June 2021, Dec 2020, Dec 2018, Dec 2017, Dec 2016)

Submandibular Gland (Anatomy, Sialadenitis, Calculus Disease)

• Surgical anatomy of the submandibular gland; Clinical features, management, and treatment of submandibular salivary gland calculus disease/sialadenitis; Complications of submandibular gland surgery. (Dec 2021, Dec 2015, Dec 2014, June 2012)

Ranula & Other Oral Cavity Cysts

• Ranula (including Plunging Ranula): Diagnosis, clinical features, and management. (Dec 2021, June 2019, June 2014)

2. Neck Masses & Dissections

Cervical Lymphadenopathy & Neck Dissections (Malignant & Inflammatory)

• Differential diagnosis, investigation, and management of a painless progressive/fixed neck nodular swelling; Management of N1 cervical node at level 2 with unknown primary. (April 2023, Dec 2020)
• Anatomy of cervical lymph nodes; Lymph node levels of neck with primary drainage sites; Classification and staging of Head and Neck cancers based on lymph nodes. (June 2022, June 2021, April 2016, Dec 2015, June 2014)
• Types of neck dissections (Radical, Modified Radical, Supra-omohyoid), their indications, steps, incisions, and complications (including management of chylus fistula). (Oct 2023, June 2021, June 2020, June 2018, June 2017, April 2016, June 2015, June 2012, Dec 2011)
• Etiopathogenesis, investigation, and management of tubercular cervical lymphadenitis/cold abscess in neck. (June 2020, Dec 2012)

Congenital Neck Masses (Cystic Hygroma, Branchial Anomalies, Thyroglossal Cyst)

• Cystic hygroma: Embryology, clinical features, and management (including in a 1-year-old child). (Oct 2024, Dec 2021, Dec 2016, Dec 2014)
• Branchial cyst/fistula: Embryological development of branchial arches, presentation, diagnosis, and management. (May 2024, Dec 2021, June 2016, June 2012)

Other Neck Conditions

• Collar stud abscess: Definition and management. (Oct 2024, June 2015)
• Ludwig's angina: Clinical features, causes of cervical lymphadenopathy. (Dec 2022, Dec 2017)
• Triangles of the neck - diagrammatic representation. (June 2015)

3. Oral Cavity, Oropharyngeal & Laryngeal Conditions

Oral Cavity & Oropharyngeal Cancer (Tongue, Leukoplakia, Staging)

• Premalignant conditions/lesions for oral cavity/oropharyngeal cancer (including leukoplakia): Diagnosis, management, and risk factors. (Dec 2022, June 2018, Dec 2017, June 2014)
• TNM staging of carcinoma of oral cavity; Management of carcinoma of the tongue (including preoperative workup). (June 2021, Dec 2018, June 2018, Dec 2011)
• Significance of cervical lymph nodes in management of carcinoma of oral cavity. (Dec 2021)
• Investigation of a patient with suspected squamous cell carcinoma of tongue. (Dec 2012)

Reconstruction in Head & Neck Cancer

• Principles of reconstruction in head and neck cancer surgery; Loco-regional flaps for reconstruction after surgery for cancer of cheek and lips; Use of various skin flaps (including forehead flap for nose). (June 2020, June 2018, Dec 2017, Dec 2016, Dec 2015, June 2016)

Other Pharyngeal Conditions

• Carotid body tumour/Chemodectoma: Clinical features, diagnosis, investigation, and management. (Dec 2019, Dec 2017, April 2016, Dec 2011, June 2015, Dec 2013)
• Zenker's diverticulum. (June 2019)

BREAST SURGERY

1. Benign Breast Diseases & Conditions

Evaluation & Management of Benign Lumps

• Classification, clinical presentation, and management of benign breast diseases; Diagnostic pathology techniques used in evaluation of a breast lump; ANDI classification and its prognostic implications. (Oct 2023, Dec 2020)
• Techniques of breast biopsy for palpable and nonpalpable lesions; Describe image-guided biopsy of an impalpable breast lesion. (Dec 2022, June 2014)

Specific Benign Conditions

• Fibroadenoma. (Dec 2019)
• Mastalgia; Duct ectasia. (June 2013)
• Cystosarcoma phyllodes; Work-up and treatment of a suspected Phyllodes tumor. (Oct 2023, Dec 2019)

Nipple Discharge

• Pathology, diagnosis, and management of breast blood-stained nipple discharge; Enumerate causes and surgical procedures for treating nipple discharge. (April 2023, June 2022, June 2014)

Breast Abscess & Mastitis

• Management of a 23-year-old lactating mother with mastitis/abscess; Etiology, clinical features, and treatment of breast abscess/acute bacterial mastitis. (Oct 2024, Dec 2021, June 2022)

Gynaecomastia

• Evaluation and management of gynaecomastia; Pathophysiology, causes, differential diagnosis, and algorithm for management. (Dec 2021, Dec 2016, Dec 2014, June 2012)

2. Breast Cancer - Diagnosis & Evaluation

Screening & Early Detection

• Screening methods for early detection of carcinoma breast in an average risk, asymptomatic woman; 'Lead time and length bias' in breast cancer screening. (April 2023, June 2019, Dec 2017, Dec 2016)

Diagnostic Approach & Imaging

• Diagnostic approach to a breast lesion (e.g., 2 cm lesion in a 35-year-old lady). (June 2012)
• Role of imaging modalities used in breast cancer. (June 2014)
• BIRADS classification. (May 2024)

Staging & Classification

• Current staging of carcinoma of breast; TNM classification of breast cancer. (Dec 2019, June 2019)

3. Breast Cancer - Management Principles

Patient Evaluation & Management Planning

• Evaluation and management of a patient with a hard, fixed breast mass and axillary lymphadenopathy. (Oct 2024, May 2024)
• Management of a 40-year-old premenopausal lady with cT2N1M0 infiltrating duct carcinoma of the right breast. (June 2021)
• Diagnosis and management options for a patient with nipple retraction and a palpable breast mass without clinically palpable lymph nodes. (June 2018)

Risk Factors & Prevention

• Risk factors and risk assessment models for breast cancer. (June 2020, Dec 2016)
• Indications for genetic testing for breast cancer; Risk management strategies in mutation carriers. (April 2023)

Prognostic Factors & Oncological Concepts

• Clinico-pathological factors that predict prognosis of a carcinoma of breast. (Dec 2020, Dec 2013)
• Clinical implications of 'Gompertzian growth' in oncology. (Dec 2017)

4. Breast Cancer - Surgical & Systemic Therapy

Surgical Management

• Principles, indications, and contraindications of breast conservation surgery (BCS). (Dec 2017, Dec 2013, Dec 2012, June 2012)
• Oncoplastic breast surgery: definition, techniques, advantages, and status in the management of carcinoma breast. (Dec 2018, Dec 2021)
• Principles of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in breast cancer. (Dec 2017, June 2015)

Systemic Therapy (Chemo, Hormonal, Targeted) & Radiotherapy

• Basis and role of Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in the management of carcinoma breast. (June 2015, Dec 2015)
• Hormonal therapy in carcinoma breast. (Oct 2023)
• Management of HER2+ breast tumours. (May 2024)
• Indications for radiotherapy in breast cancer. (May 2024)

Breast Reconstruction

• Reconstructive options after mastectomy (operative and prosthetic). (Oct 2023, Dec 2011)
• Deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) Flap. (Oct 2024)
• Various flaps used for reconstruction of breast. (June 2017, June 2012)

ENDOCRINE - THYROID, NET, ADRENAL

1. Thyroid Gland

Solitary Thyroid Nodule & Thyromegaly

• Quadruple assessment of solitary thyroid nodule (STN); Management of STN based on ultrasound and FNAC; Approach to a patient with STN. (Dec 2022, June 2021, Dec 2020, June 2015, April 2016)
• a) Describe the investigations in a patient with thyromegaly. (Dec 2021)
• a) Pathophysiology and investigations of solitary thyroid nodule. b) Role of medical therapy for benign thyroid nodule. (Dec 2016)

Thyroid Malignancy (Papillary, Medullary, General)

• Prognostic scores and recent TNM staging for well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. (Dec 2022)
• a) Classify thyroid malignancies. b) Discuss the management of malignant solitary thyroid nodule; How to treat medullary carcinoma of thyroid? (Dec 2019, June 2012)
• a) Surgical treatment of papillary carcinoma thyroid. (June 2019)
• b) Management of medullary carcinoma of thyroid. (June 2018)

Hyperthyroidism, Graves' Disease & Toxic Goiter

• a) Differentiate between primary and secondary hyperthyroidism. (May 2024, June 2021)
• Pre-operative preparation, steps and complications of total thyroidectomy for toxic multinodular goiter. (Oct 2023, June 2020)
• Clinical features, investigations and management of Graves' disease. (June 2018)
• Describe principles of treatment of Thyrotoxicosis. (Dec 2013)

Thyroidectomy (Surgical Anatomy, Complications, Management)

• Describe surgical anatomy of thyroid gland. What is central lymph node dissection? Mention complications of total thyroidectomy. (Oct 2024)
• a) Etiopathogenesis & management of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia. (April 2023)
• a) Management of complications of thyroid surgery, including post-operative hoarseness. (April 2023, June 2018)
• a) Complications of total thyroidectomy. b) How will you manage hypoparathyroidism following total thyroidectomy? (June 2016)

2. The Parathyroid Glands

Hyperparathyroidism (Primary, Diagnosis, Management)

• What is Hungry bone syndrome? Describe its perioperative evaluation and management of parathyroid adenoma. (Oct 2024)
• Describe clinical features, diagnostic work up and treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism. (June 2022, June 2021, Dec 2020, April 2016)
• Discuss different types and clinical features of hyperparathyroidism. Describe localization techniques for parathyroid adenoma. (Dec 2018, June 2015)
• b) Minimally invasive parathyroid surgery. (Oct 2023)

3. Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs)

Pancreatic NETs (Insulinoma, Gastrinoma)

• a) Management of insulinoma. (Oct 2023)
• a) Pheochromocytoma. b) Enumerate neoplasms of endocrine pancreas and describe management of insulinoma. (Dec 2020)
• Enumerate neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. Briefly discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and management of gastrinoma. (Dec 2022)
• b) Von Hippel Lindau disease. (Oct 2023)

4. The Adrenal Glands

Pheochromocytoma (Features, Diagnosis, Perioperative Care)

• Write clinical presentation and management of pheochromocytoma; Discuss clinical features, investigations, and preoperative preparation. (May 2024, June 2022, Dec 2020, Dec 2019, Dec 2018, Dec 2016, Dec 2014, June 2012)
• a) Preoperative and perioperative care in patients of pheochromocytoma undergoing surgery. (June 2018)
• How would you investigate and preoperatively manage a patient with suspected pheochromocytoma? (Dec 2012, Dec 2011)

Adrenal Incidentaloma

• Discuss the differential diagnosis, investigations, surgical approaches and treatment for a 4 cm lesion found incidentally in the left adrenal gland. (Oct 2023)
• a) Define incidentaloma. b) How would you manage a 40-year-old lady with 2x2 cm incidentaloma in left adrenal gland? (June 2017)
• a) What are incidentalomas? b) Management of incidentaloma of adrenal gland. (April 2016, June 2015)

Other Adrenal Conditions / Hormones

• Surgical anatomy of the adrenal glands, indications and principles of adrenalectomy. (June 2020)
• a) Enumerate the surgical causes of hypertension associated with an adrenal mass? How would you investigate such a case? (June 2016)

PLASTIC SURGERY

1. Skin Grafts

• What are the types of skin grafts? Discuss their indications. (Dec 2013, Jun 2016)
• Describe the various types of skin grafts and steps to minimize hypertrophic scars. (Dec 2012)
• Discuss the role, advantages and disadvantages of partial thickness skin grafts. (Dec 2011)
• a) Marjolin's ulcer. b) Differentiate between partial and full thickness skin grafts. (May 2024)
• a) Principles of split thickness skin graft. (Dec 2022)

2. Flaps in Reconstructive Surgery

• Define a flap. Name commonly used flaps in reconstruction. What are their principles? (Dec 2014)
• Describe various types of commonly used 'flaps' for reconstructive surgery. (Jun 2013)
• What are 'axial flaps'? Describe other types of flaps with examples of their use. (Jun 2014)
• Classify skin flaps. (Jun 2016, Jun 2017)
• a) Musculocutaneous flaps. (Dec 2020)
• a) Describe the various local flaps used for reconstruction of the lip. (Jun 2021, Jun 2022)
• a) Enumerate loco-regional flaps for reconstruction after surgery for cancer of cheek and lips. (Dec 2017)

3. Cleft Lip and Palate

• Surgical anatomy of cleft lip and palate. (Dec 2015, Jun 2015)
• Describe the development of lip. What are the principles of repair of a cleft lip? (Dec 2013)
• How will you classify cleft lip and palate? (Jun 2012)
• a) Enumerate principles of management of cleft lip and palate. (Dec 2021)

4. Skin Conditions

• a) Decubitus ulcers. b) Skin substitutes for skin replacement. (Jun 2019)
• What are decubitus ulcers? How are they graded? (Dec 2012)
• Pressure sores – common sites, stages, management. (Jun 2013)

5. Gynaecomastia and Breast Surgery

• a) Gynaecomastia – evaluation and management. (Dec 2021)
• Enumerate causes of gynaecomastia. Give an algorithm for management. (Jun 2012, Dec 2014)
• a) Normal breast development. b) Pathophysiology of gynaecomastia. (Dec 2016)

6. Head and Neck Reconstruction

• b) Forehead flap for reconstruction of nose. (Jun 2016)
• a) How will you provide cover after hemi-mandibulectomy? (Jun 2018)
• b) Principles of reconstruction after excision of cheek and hemimandible. (Dec 2016)
• Principles of reconstruction in head and neck cancer. (Jun 2020)

7. General Principles

• a) Principles of management of contractures. (Jun 2012)

BURNS

1. Classification and Types of Burns

• a) Classify skin burns. b) Initial assessment and management of a patient with burn injury. (Dec 2015)
• How will you classify burn injury? List the systemic changes following burns. Briefly describe the principles of wound care in a burn patient. (Dec 2012)
• What are the characteristics of electric burns? How are they different from burns due to boiling water? Enumerate various steps in the management of an electric burn. (Jun 2014)

2. Burn Assessment and Initial Management

• Assessment methods and management of 50% thermal burns. (Dec 2018)
• A 32-year-old female weighing 70 kg sustained 60% second-degree burns including her head and neck six hours ago. Briefly discuss the management of this patient. (Jun 2022)
• a) Assessment and resuscitation of a patient with burn wounds. b) Describe cold-related soft tissue injury – types and principles of management. (Dec 2021)

3. Fluid Resuscitation and Critical Care

• Outline the principles of fluid resuscitation in a patient with burns. (Jun 2021)
• a) A 60 kg male sustained second-degree burns involving head, neck, and chest with smoke inhalation syndrome. Briefly discuss management and likely complications. b) Factors affecting mortality in a burns patient. (Jun 2019)

4. Surgical and Reconstructive Management

• a) Principles of split thickness skin graft. b) Principles of escharotomy in a case of burns. (Dec 2022)
• a) Musculocutaneous flaps. b) Recent advances in management of burn wounds. (Dec 2020)
• a) Systematic complications of burns. b) Reconstructive options after mastectomy. (Oct 2023)

ESOPHAGUS

1. Achalasia Cardia

• Pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis/investigations (including preoperative workup), and management/treatment (medical and surgical principles) of Achalasia Cardia. (May 2024, June 2020, Dec 2016, Jun 2018, Dec 2021, Jun 2021)

2. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

• Etiology, clinical features, investigations, and management (including principles of surgery and indications) of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). (Apr 2023, Dec 2020, Jun 2018, Jun 2017, Dec 2013, Jun 2012)
• Different types of fundoplications. (May 2024)

3. Barrett's Esophagus

• Management/Clinical features of Barrett's esophagus. (Oct 2023, Dec 2017)

4. Carcinoma of Esophagus & Oesophago-Gastric (OG) Junction

• Diagnosis, investigations, staging, and management/treatment options for carcinoma of esophagus (including lower third) and Oesophago-Gastric (OG) Junctional Cancer. (Dec 2022, Jun 2020)
• Lymphatic drainage of esophagus and its surgical importance. (Dec 2012)

5. Corrosive Esophageal Injury

• Pathophysiology (strong alkali vs. acid injury), investigations, and management/treatment of corrosive esophageal injury. (Dec 2021, Jun 2016, Dec 2012)

6. Esophageal Varices

• Treatment/management of bleeding esophageal varices. (See also Liver: Portal Hypertension). (Dec 2014, Dec 2017)

7. Dysphagia

• Enumerate causes of dysphagia (in a young lady/general). (Jun 2016, Dec 2015)
• Investigation of a 60-year-old man with dysphagia. (Dec 2015)

8. Esophageal Replacement

• Merits and demerits of gastric Vs colonic conduit for esophageal replacement. (Jun 2017)

9. Esophageal Motility

• Outline the physiology of esophageal motility. (Jun 2020)

STOMACH & DUODENUM

1. Peptic Ulcer Disease (Gastric & Duodenal Ulcers)

• Differentiate between a gastric and duodenal ulcer. (Jun 2021)
• Indications for surgery for duodenal ulcer; Various methods available and their advantages & disadvantages. (Apr 2016)
• Management of bleeding duodenal/peptic ulcer (including surgical anatomy of the stomach, clinical features, evaluation). (Dec 2021, Jun 2014)
• Complications of peptic-acid disease. (Dec 2017)

2. Gastric/Duodenal Perforation

• Management of duodenal/gastric perforation (including 4 cm first part duodenum, and in a diabetic patient with peritonitis). (May 2024, Dec 2019)

3. Gastric Outlet Obstruction & Pyloric Stenosis

• Causes, investigations, management (including pyloric stenosis), and metabolic complications/derangement of Gastric Outlet Obstruction. (Dec 2022, Dec 2019, Jun 2016)
• Management of 'dumping syndrome' after gastrectomy. (Dec 2017)
• Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: Principles of repair. (Jun 2019)

4. Carcinoma of Stomach & Gastric Resections

• Diagnosis, management, and endoscopic resection for early gastric carcinoma. (Oct 2024, Dec 2015)
• Clinical presentation, investigations, and management of stage II carcinoma of stomach. (Jun 2018)
• Blood supply of stomach; Etiological risk factors for adenocarcinoma of stomach; Principles of surgical treatment and types of gastrectomies. (Dec 2016)
• Types of gastric resections. (Oct 2023)
• Indications, steps, and complications of distal radical gastrectomy. (Jun 2022)
• Borrmann classification of gastric cancer. (Dec 2017)
• Lymphatic drainage of stomach; D2 gastrectomy. (Dec 2014)

5. Gastro-Intestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) - Stomach

• Presentation, pathology, diagnosis, and management of GIST of the stomach. (May 2024, Jun 2019, Jun 2013, Jun 2012)

6. Gastric Lymphoma

• Pathology, classification, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of gastric lymphoma. (Dec 2022)

7. Zollinger Ellison Syndrome / Gastrinoma

• Gastrinoma triangle; Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of gastrinoma/Zollinger Ellison syndrome. (May 2024, Dec 2022, Jun 2021, Jun 2019)

8. Anatomy & Physiology (Stomach)

• Surgical anatomy of the stomach. (Dec 2021)
• Blood supply of stomach. (Dec 2016, Jun 2014)

SMALL INTESTINE

1. Intestinal Obstruction (Mechanical)

• Causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of acute mechanical intestinal obstruction. (Dec 2021)
• Enumerate causes of intestinal obstruction. (Jun 2016)
• Management of intestinal obstruction caused by ascariasis. (Dec 2014)
• Closed loop intestinal obstruction. (Jun 2019)

2. Intussusception (Small Bowel)

• Management of ileo-ileal intussusception in a 7-month-old. (Oct 2024)

3. Congenital Anomalies (Small Bowel)

• Diagnosis and treatment of duodenal atresia (Double bubble sign) in a neonate. (Oct 2024)
• Malrotation of gut. (Oct 2024)
• Vitellointestinal duct and associated abnormalities. (Dec 2019)
• Meckel's diverticulum: Developmental anatomy, clinical features, investigation, treatment, and management. (Jun 2018, Dec 2012)

4. Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) Syndrome

• Diagnosis and management of Superior Mesenteric Artery syndrome. (Oct 2024, Jun 2021, Dec 2018)

5. Mesenteric Ischemia

• Types/Etiology, clinical features, investigations, diagnosis, and treatment/management of acute mesenteric ischemia. (Oct 2023, Dec 2022, Jun 2019)

6. Typhoid Ileal Perforation

• Initial management and complications of typhoid ileal perforation. (Oct 2023)

7. Intestinal Fistulae (Entero-cutaneous, Ileal)

• Classification of enterocutaneous intestinal fistulae. (Apr 2023)
• Management of fluid and electrolytes in high output gastrointestinal fistulas. (Dec 2020)
• Outline of parenteral nutrition in entero-cutaneous fistula; Complications of parenteral nutrition. (Jun 2019)
• Biochemical changes and treatment in a case of ileal fistula. (Jun 2012)

8. Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS)

• Definition, causes, etiopathogenesis, clinical features, sequelae, management, role of intestinal transplantation, and role of surgery in Short Bowel Syndrome. (Jun 2020, Jun 2019, Jun 2016, Dec 2015, Dec 2013)

9. Small Bowel Tumors (including Carcinoid)

• Clinical features of small bowel carcinoid tumours. (Dec 2017)
• Tumours of small bowel; Management of suspected carcinoma of terminal ileum. (Dec 2011)

10. Inflammatory & Infective Conditions (Small Bowel)

• Surgical complications of intestinal amoebiasis. (Jun 2019)
• Amoeboma and enteric perforation. (Jun 2013)

11. Surgical Techniques (Small Bowel)

• Sutures and devices for small bowel anastomosis and bilio-enteric anastomosis: Advantages and disadvantages. (Oct 2023)
• Metabolic complications of ‘Ileostomy'. (Dec 2017)

COLON, RECTUM, AND ANUS

1. Colorectal Carcinoma (CRC)

• Presentation and management of primary cancer of the colorectal region. (Apr 2023)
• Management of 4x6 cm firm, mobile mass in right iliac fossa (suspected caecal carcinoma): Investigations and treatment. (Jun 2019)
• Etiopathogenesis of carcinoma colon; Management of carcinoma of descending colon with obstruction. (Dec 2020)
• TNM staging of carcinoma rectum; Management of T3N1M0 cancer of mid-third of rectum; Staging of carcinoma rectum. (Jun 2021, Jun 2013)
• Minimally invasive treatment modalities for carcinoma rectum. (Jun 2022, Jun 2021)
• Total mesorectal excision (TME). (Oct 2024)
• Pelvic floor muscles and nerves relevant to ano-rectum; Measures to prevent injury during low anterior resection for carcinoma rectum. (Jun 2019)
• Etiological risk factors, diagnostic and imaging investigations for colorectal cancer; Surgical options for obstructed carcinoma sigmoid colon / caecum. (Dec 2016)
• Screening methods for early detection of colorectal cancer in an average risk, asymptomatic person. (June 2019, Dec 2015, Dec 2013)

2. Polyps & Polyposis Syndromes

• Polyposis syndromes of the colon. (May 2024)
• Clinical features, screening policy, and treatment of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). (Jun 2022, Jun 2019)
• Classification of large intestinal polyps; Classification of polyps of the colon; Clinical features and treatment of solitary villous adenoma. (Dec 2017, Apr 2016)

3. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

Ulcerative Colitis (UC)

• Surgical management/treatment in ulcerative colitis; Presentation. (Jun 2019, Jun 2018, Jun 2015)
• Indications for surgery in Ulcerative Colitis; Complications of Pouch Construction. (Jun 2016)
• Complications of ulcerative colitis; Treatment options. (Dec 2014)

4. Diverticular Disease

• Define diverticulitis of colon; Clinical features and management of diverticulitis. (Dec 2019)

5. Volvulus (Sigmoid)

• Sigmoid volvulus: Management, etiology. (Jun 2021, Jun 2016, Jun 2013, Dec 2011)
• Management of recurrent sigmoid volvulus. (Jun 2017)

6. Rectal Prolapse

• Management of complete rectal prolapse (in various age groups); Operations for rectal prolapse; Principles of treating rectal prolapse; Various surgical methods. (Oct 2023, Apr 2023, Jun 2022, Apr 2016, Jun 2015)

7. Anorectal Abscess & Fistula-in-Ano

• Surgical anatomy of anal canal; Treatment options for fistula in ano. (Dec 2021)
• Park's classification for fistula-in-ano. (Jun 2021)
• Recent advances in Fistula-in-ano management. (Dec 2020)
• Recurrent fistula in ano. (Jun 2020)
• Role of 'Seton' and 'VAAFT surgery' in fistula-in-ano; EPSIT for pilonidal sinus; VAAFT for anal fistula. (Jun 2022, Jun 2019)
• Management of multiple perianal fistulae in a young man; Investigation of a 30 years old man with multiple fistula-in-Ano. (Jun 2016, Dec 2015)
• Complex anal fistula: Definition and management. (Dec 2011)

8. Hemorrhoids

• Management of actively bleeding haemorrhoids. (Dec 2020)
• Stapler haemorrhoidopexy; Anatomical basis of stapler hemorrhoidectomy; Treatment options in hemorrhoids. (Jun 2020, Jun 2013, Dec 2014)
• Management of strangulated hemorrhoids. (Jun 2018)
• Clinical features, grading and complications of hemorrhoids; Options for treatment of hemorrhoids. (Dec 2016)

9. Pilonidal Sinus & Disease

• Pilonidal sinus: Etiology, clinical features, principles of its management (including recurring in a diabetic). (Dec 2021, Jun 2015, Jun 2014, Jun 2012)
• EPSIT for pilonidal sinus. (Jun 2022, Jun 2019)

10. Colorectal Surgical Principles & Techniques

• Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol: Components, implementation, barriers. (Oct 2024, Dec 2018, Dec 2015)
• Preoperative preparation before colo-rectal surgery. (June 2022)
• Arterial supply and lymphatic drainage of colon; Importance of arterial supply in resection of colon. (Jun 2016)
• Risk factors, aetiology, features and management of colonic anastomotic leak. (Dec 2013)
• Complications of intestinal stomas. (Jun 2021)

ABDOMINAL WALL, HERNIAS, UMBILICUS, PERITONEUM & RETROPERITONEUM

1. Hernias - Ventral & Incisional

• eTEP RS for ventral hernia. (Oct 2024)
• Loss of domain in ventral hernia; Management of 'loss of domain' with reference to incisional hernia. (May 2024, Jun 2022)
• EHS (European Hernia Society) classification of ventral hernias. (May 2024)
• Component separation in ventral hernia; Principles of abdominal component separation technique for large ventral hernia. (Oct 2023, Apr 2023)
• Minimally invasive surgical treatment options for ventral hernia. (Jun 2022, Jun 2021)
• Recent advances in management of large incisional hernia. (Dec 2020)
• Factors responsible for incisional hernias; Methods used for abdominal wall repair. (Dec 2019)
• Classification of ventral hernias; Use of synthetic mesh and techniques of incisional hernia repair. (Dec 2012)

2. Hernias - Groin (Inguinal & Femoral)

• Myopectineal orifice of Fruchaud. (May 2024)
• Minimal invasive surgical approaches to groin hernia. (Oct 2023)
• Differential diagnosis of groin swelling in a 2-year-old boy. (Oct 2023)
• Femoral hernia repair; Anatomy of femoral canal; Diagnosis and common procedures for femoral hernia. (Jun 2022, Jun 2019, Jun 2012)
• Indications, operative steps, and complications of laparoscopic TEP repair for inguinal hernia; Anatomy relevant to laparoscopic TEP, landmarks and their importance. (Jun 2021, Dec 2011)
• Anatomy of the inguinal canal with diagram and its applied importance for hernia surgery repairs; Anatomy of inguinal region as seen in laparoscopic repair. (Dec 2018, Dec 2017)
• Clinical features and management of obstructed inguinal hernia. (June 2018)
• Chronic post hernioplasty pain. (June 2018)
• “Reduction en masse” in inguinal hernia; Various repairs for inguinal hernias. (June 2015)
• Diagnosis and treatment of strangulated hernia (femoral or general). (Dec 2014, Dec 2013)

3. Hernias - Other (Sliding, Sportsman's, Diaphragmatic, Internal)

• Sliding hernia. (Dec 2022)
• Sportsman's hernia. (Dec 2022)
• Aetiology, clinical features, principles of management of diaphragmatic hernias (including traumatic). (Jun 2020, Dec 2015)
• Internal hernias; Sites of potential internal hernias. (Dec 2019, Jun 2022)

4. Hernia Repair - Meshes & Prosthesis

• Classification of meshes used for hernia repair; Newer meshes; Classify various types of meshes used in surgery. (May 2024, Dec 2020)
• Biological meshes. (Jun 2019)
• Types of prosthesis used in the treatment of abdominal hernias. (Dec 2011)

5. Abdominal Wall Anatomy & Reconstruction

• Surgical anatomy of the anterior abdominal wall and its importance in management of ventral hernia repair. (Jun 2020)

6. Umbilicus

• Etiology, evaluation and management of chronic umbilical discharge in a 30 year-old woman. (Apr 2023)
• Management of umbilical hernia in adults. (Jun 2018)
• Classify umbilical fistula; Investigations and treatment of urachus. (Dec 2011)

7. Peritoneum, Omentum, Mesentery & Retroperitoneum

Peritonitis & Abscess

• Primary peritonitis. (Dec 2022)
• Clinical features and management of intraperitoneal abscess. (Dec 2021)
• Subphrenic spaces: Anatomy, diagnosis and management of subphrenic abscess. (Dec 2015, Jun 2012)
• Psoas abscess: Causes, diagnosis, and treatment. (Jun 2019, Dec 2014)

Adhesions

• Prevention, pathophysiology, etiological risk factors for post-operative adhesions, principles to minimize formation, and management of intraperitoneal adhesions / recurrent adhesive bowel obstruction. (Jun 2020, Jun 2014, Dec 2016)

Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy & Cytoreductive Surgery

• Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy; Cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy. (Dec 2022, Dec 2018)
• Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC): Definition, Indications, Complications. (Jun 2017)

Retroperitoneum

• Management of retroperitoneal hematoma. (May 2024)
• 'Salvage' retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. (Oct 2023)
• Indications, operative technique and complications of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. (Dec 2022)

LIVER

1. Liver Tumors (Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Metastases, Benign)

• Clinical features and management of hepatocellular carcinoma; Surgical anatomy of liver lobes, staging, and surgical principle of resection; Non-surgical ablative therapies. (Dec 2020, Dec 2018, Dec 2016)
• Indications and techniques used for the ablation of liver tumors. (Dec 2015)
• Classify hemangiomas. Discuss the management of cavernous hemangioma. (Jun 2012)
• Hepatic adenoma. (Dec 2017)
• Role of radiofrequency ablation in treatment of solid organ metastases. (Apr 2023)

2. Liver Cysts (Hydatid, Simple, Choledochal)

• Minimally invasive treatment modalities for hydatid cysts of the liver; Etiopathogenesis, classification, investigations and management of hepatic hydatid cyst; Management of uncomplicated hydatid cyst; Management of an 8x8 cm hydatid cyst of (L) lobe of liver; Scolicidal agents used. (May 2024, Oct 2023, Dec 2022, Jun 2016, Dec 2015)
• Management of a 10-year-old child admitted with 8x8 cm cystic lesion in the left lobe of liver. (Jun 2017)
• Classification of choledochal cysts. (Also under Biliary). (May 2024)

3. Liver Abscess (Amoebic, Pyogenic)

• Clinical features and management of Amoebic Liver Abscess (ALA); Pathology and treatment of left lobe amoebic liver abscess. (Dec 2021, Jun 2018, Dec 2014)
• Liver abscess (general, if not specified). (Oct 2024)

4. Liver Resection & Anatomy

• Types of liver resection. (June 2022)
• Segmental anatomy of the liver and various types of liver resection; Clinical significance; Diagrammatic representation. (Dec 2017, Jun 2015, Jun 2012)
• Anatomy of the liver, its functions, and implications in hepatic resections. (Dec 2019)
• 'Pringle maneuver': Methodology and indications. (Jun 2022)

5. Portal Hypertension & Variceal Hemorrhage

• Management of acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage. (See also Esophagus). (Dec 2017)
• Describe the management of Extra Hepatic Portal Vein Obstruction (EHPVO). (Dec 2019)
• Discuss role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunts (TIPSS) in emergency management of variceal hemorrhage. (Dec 2021)
• Left sided portal hypertension. (Oct 2024)
• Enumerate the surgical procedures for 'Portal Hypertension'; Outline the management of Portal Hypertension in a young girl. (Jun 2016)

6. Liver Trauma

• Management of internal organ injuries in abdominal trauma; Outline the management of Grade IV liver injury; Initial management and surgical approach in blunt liver trauma; Concept of Damage control surgery in liver trauma. (Dec 2019, Jun 2015)

7. Liver Transplantation

• Work up and preparation of a patient for Liver transplantation. (Jun 2015)

8. Imaging

• Imaging of the biliary tree (often related to liver pathology). (Dec 2021)

BILIARY SYSTEM (GALLBLADDER & BILE DUCTS)

1. Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) & Complications

• Pathophysiology of gall stone formation; Clinical features and management of gall stones. (Apr 2016)
• Complications of gall stones. (Dec 2017)
• Pathophysiology of gallstone disease. (Dec 2021)

2. Cholecystectomy (Laparoscopic & Open)

• Critical view of safety in laparoscopy/laparoscopic cholecystectomy. (Oct 2024, May 2024)
• Bail out procedures in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. (May 2024)
• Importance of ergonomics for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. (Oct 2023)
• Intraoperative imaging during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. (Dec 2022)
• Importance of 'caterpillar hump' during cholecystectomy. (Dec 2017)

3. Post-Cholecystectomy Complications & Syndromes

• Management of post cholecystectomy biliary injury. (Jun 2022)
• Post cholecystectomy syndrome. (June 2020)

4. Common Bile Duct (CBD) Stones (Choledocholithiasis)

• Management of choledocholithiasis. (Dec 2019)
• Laparoscopic management of CBD stones. (Jun 2021)
• Investigation of a patient suspected with choledocholithiasis; Modalities of its treatment. (Dec 2015)

5. Obstructive Jaundice & Surgical Jaundice

• Causes of obstructive jaundice. (Oct 2024, Dec 2018, April 2016, Jun 2015)
• Clinical features, investigation and management of surgical jaundice. (Jun 2018)
• Investigations and preparation of a patient with obstructive jaundice for elective surgery. (April 2016)
• Diagnostic investigations in obstructive jaundice; How will you prepare such a patient for surgery? (Dec 2013)
• Courvoisier's Law and its exceptions. (June 2015)

6. Cholangitis

• Clinical features and treatment of ascending cholangitis. (Dec 2021)

7. Bile Duct Strictures & Cysts

• Classify bile duct strictures. (Dec 2019)
• Classification of choledochal cysts; Choledochal cyst – an overview; Diagnosis and management. (May 2024, Jun 2019, Jun 2013)
• Mirizzi's syndrome. (Define Mirizzi's syndrome. Discuss its types and management of each?). (June 2019, Dec 2011)

8. Carcinoma of Gallbladder & Biliary Tract

• Radical resections for carcinoma gallbladder. (Oct 2023)
• Management of a 50-year-old female with adenocarcinoma gallbladder infiltrating upto serosa post-cholecystectomy. (Apr 2023)
• TNM staging of carcinoma of gallbladder; Management of carcinoma of gallbladder detected after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. (Jun 2020)
• Radiological features suggestive of carcinoma gall bladder. (Dec 2017)
• Management of a 40 year old gentleman with periampullary carcinoma. (June 2015)

9. Biliary Anatomy & Interventions

• Anatomic variations of the gallbladder and extra-hepatic biliary system. (Dec 2022)
• Biliary enteric anastomosis. (Oct 2024)
• Recent advancement in ERCP. (Oct 2024)
• Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. (Oct 2023)
• Fluorescence in surgery (relevant to biliary surgery). (May 2024)

PANCREAS

1. Acute Pancreatitis

• Step-up approach to managing necrotizing pancreatitis; Briefly describe necrosectomy. (May 2024, Jun 2014)
• Surgical management of infected pancreatic necrosis. (Dec 2022)
• Various complications of acute pancreatitis; Role of surgery in acute pancreatitis. (Dec 2020)
• Assessment of the severity of acute pancreatitis; Scoring systems for grading severity. (Dec 2015, Jun 2021)
• Causes of acute pancreatitis; Modified Atlanta Classification for severity. (Dec 2017, Jun 2014)
• Methods for diagnosing and prognosticating acute pancreatitis. (Jun 2014)

2. Chronic Pancreatitis

• Indications and surgeries for chronic pancreatitis; Surgical complications of chronic pancreatitis. (Jun 2022, Jun 2017)

3. Pancreatic Cysts & Pseudocysts

• Management of an incidentally detected solitary 5 cm cystic lesion of pancreatic body in a 60-year-old man. (May 2024)
• Principles of management of 'pseudo pancreatic cyst'; Management of pseudopancreatic cyst following acute pancreatitis. (Dec 2017, Jun 2018, Jun 2017)

4. Pancreatic Tumors (Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine)

• Essential steps of Whipple's operation (Pancreatico-duodenectomy). (Oct 2024)
• Surgical reconstruction after Whipple's operation for pancreatic cancer. (Jun 2020)
• Diagnosis and management of pancreatic fistula following Whipple's procedure. (June 2019)
• Investigation of suspected pancreatic carcinoma; Surgical options in the treatment of pancreatic carcinoma. (Dec 2012)
• Management of a 50 years old man with obstructive jaundice due to 6x6 cm carcinoma head of pancreas. (Dec 2011)
• Enumerate neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas; Briefly discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and management of gastrinoma (if pancreatic origin specified). (Dec 2022)

5. Pancreatic Trauma

• Presentation, diagnosis and management of pancreatic injury following blunt abdominal trauma. (June 2019)

6. Specific Pancreatic Conditions

• Groove pancreatitis. (Oct 2024)

7. Radiological Investigations

• Advantages and limitations of radiological investigations in pancreatic diseases. (Dec 2014)

SPLEEN

1. Splenectomy & Hypersplenism

• Indications of splenectomy; Complications of splenectomy. (June 2021, Oct 2023, Dec 2018, Dec 2017, Jun 2015)
• Haematological changes after splenectomy. (Dec 2017)
• Define hypersplenism. (June 2015)
• Management of a 10-year-old child on steroids who is to undergo splenectomy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP); Absolute indications of splenectomy for ITP. (June 2017, June 2012)

2. Splenic Abscess

• Splenic abscess. (June 2013)

3. Splenic Trauma

• Management of Grade III Splenic trauma. (June 2018)

TRANSPLANTATION & IMMUNOLOGY

1. General Principles of Organ Transplantation & Donation

• Describe types of organ transplant; Warm and cold ischemic time for donor and recipient; a) Ischemia time. (Oct 2024, Oct 2023, June 2015)
• Criteria for declaring 'brain stem death' in relation to organ donation; What is Brainstem death? How will you determine it?; Clinical testing of brainstem function as relevant for organ donation. (June 2022, Dec 2021, Dec 2017, Dec 2013)
• b) Donation after circulatory death donors. (Dec 2022)
• a) Evaluation of potential recipients for organ transplantation. (April 2023)
• a) Clinical features and management of hyperkalemia (in relation to organ donation). (June 2022)

2. Immunology of Transplantation & Rejection

Graft Rejection (Pathophysiology, Types, Basis)

• Discuss the pathophysiology of rejection; Pathological basis of different types of graft rejection; Immunological basis of allograft rejection; What are HLA antigens and their significance in allograft rejection? (Dec 2018, Dec 2016, Dec 2015, June 2014)
• Types of graft rejection; Various types of rejections; Types of 'graft rejection' after organ transplantation. (June 2021, June 2019, Dec 2017, Dec 2015)
• Management of acute rejection. (April 2023, April 2016, Dec 2015)

Immunosuppression (Principles, Agents, Complications)

• Principles of immunosuppression in organ transplantation; Complications of immunosuppression (general and therapy-specific); Name commonly used agents; Classification of 'immunosuppressive' agents. (Dec 2020, Dec 2017, Dec 2016, Dec 2013, Dec 2012)
• Discuss the role of immunosuppression with various options in cases of graft rejection. (Dec 2018)
• b) Triple Immunosuppression. (Oct 2023)
• b) Cyclosporine. (June 2019)

Specific Immunological Concepts

• b) Graft versus Host disease. (May 2024)
• a) Discuss the concepts of immune response. b) Describe the immune-prophylaxis against tetanus. (Dec 2019)
• b) HLA matching. (Dec 2016)

3. Kidney Transplantation

• Indications, contraindications, patient selection (pre-transplant evaluation), surgical procedure, peri-operative management, complications, and results of renal transplantation. (Oct 2024, Oct 2023, Dec 2020, June 2017, Dec 2015)
• Immunosuppressive agents used after renal transplant; Types of rejection after renal transplant, and their management. (June 2018)

4. Liver Transplantation

• Indications, contraindications (including for living donation), extended donor criteria, causes of end-stage liver failure, work-up/preparation of patient, post-operative care, complications and management for liver transplantation. (Oct 2024, Oct 2023, Dec 2021, June 2019, April 2016, June 2015)
• King's College criteria for orthotopic liver transplantation in acute liver failure. (June 2018)
• a) Advantages and disadvantages of robotic surgery (in context of liver transplantation). (June 2018)

5. Pancreas & Islet Cell Transplantation

• Applications, indications, principles, surgical procedure, current status of Islet (Pancreatic) transplantation in management of diabetes mellitus, and results of pancreatic transplantation. (Dec 2021, Dec 2019, June 2016)

6. Small Bowel Transplantation

• Indications for small bowel transplantation, how it is carried out, its complications, and its role in the management of short bowel syndrome. (June 2020, Dec 2014)

VASCULAR SURGERY

1. The Aorta

Aortic Aneurysms (Abdominal & General)

• Classification, risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysm and its rupture, presentation, diagnosis, and management of aortic/abdominal aortic aneurysms. (June 2022, Dec 2020, Dec 2019, June 2019)

Aortic Dissection

• Dissecting aneurysm of aorta. (April 2023)

2. Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

Chronic Limb Ischemia & Intermittent Claudication

• Workup, evaluation, diagnosis, management (including role of sympathectomy and imaging), and principles of treatment for chronic limb ischemia and intermittent claudication. (Oct 2024, May 2024, Dec 2021, Dec 2016, June 2015, June 2014, Dec 2012)

Acute Limb Ischemia & Arterial Occlusion/Embolism

• Clinical features, investigations, evaluation, causes, sources of embolus, and management of acute arterial occlusion/embolism of limbs (including superficial femoral artery). (Oct 2023, April 2023, Dec 2018, Dec 2017)

Critical Limb Ischemia & Gangrene

• Definition, symptoms, signs, probable diagnosis, evaluation, and management of critical limb ischemia and gangrene (including dry gangrene of great toe, "Blue-toe" syndrome, and above-knee amputation). (Oct 2024, Oct 2023, Dec 2021, Dec 2019, June 2017, Dec 2011)

Diabetic Foot

• Pathophysiology of diabetic foot gangrene and recent advances in treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. (Dec 2022, Dec 2021, Dec 2013)

Specific Vasculitides & Vasospastic Disorders

• Clinical features of Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger's disease); Causes of peripheral vascular diseases and treatment of Buerger's disease. (Dec 2017, June 2012)
• Raynaud's phenomenon and Raynaud's disease: Investigations and treatment. (Dec 2014)

3. Vascular Trauma

Management of Vascular Injuries

• Clinical features, investigations, principles of management of vascular injuries of the extremities; Basic principles involved while undertaking major arterial repairs and post-operative management. (June 2020, Dec 2019)

Arterio-Venous Fistula (Traumatic/Acquired)

• Clinical features, investigative workup, diagnosis, interpretation of findings, and principles of management of arterio-venous fistula (including in the thigh region). (Dec 2022, June 2017, June 2016)

4. Venous Disease

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) & Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)

• Management of sudden onset/acute lower limb DVT; Causes, pathology, resulting complications, principles of prevention, and risk factors for DVT/VTE; DVT prophylaxis for major surgical procedures. (Oct 2024, May 2024, Dec 2021, Dec 2019, June 2018, Dec 2016, April 2016, Dec 2013)

Varicose Veins & Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI)

• Classification (CEAP), clinical features, investigations (imaging), pathophysiology, venous drainage, surgical anatomy/physiology of venous return, complications (including ulcer), and contemporary/newer/minimally invasive/endo-venous treatment modalities for varicose veins of the lower limb. (Oct 2024, Oct 2023, April 2023, June 2022, Dec 2020, June 2020, June 2019, Dec 2018, Dec 2015, Dec 2014, June 2012, June 2016)

Venous Ulcers

• Etiology, clinical features, management of venous leg/ankle ulcers; Differentiate between arterial and venous ulcer. (Dec 2022, June 2021, Dec 2017, April 2016, June 2013, June 2012)

Other Venous Conditions

• Migratory thrombophlebitis. (April 2023)

5. The Lymphatics

Lymphedema

• Classification, clinical features, pathophysiology, risk factors, causes (primary/secondary, including filariasis), diagnosis, principles of management (nonsurgical and surgical) for lymphedema of the lower limb. (Oct 2024, Dec 2022, June 2021, June 2020, Dec 2018, Dec 2016, April 2016, June 2014, Dec 2013)

Thoracic Duct Injury & Chylothorax

• Clinical presentation, diagnosis, management of thoracic duct injury (including post-operative); Causes, diagnosis and management of chylothorax. (April 2023, Dec 2022, Dec 2015)

6. General Vascular Topics & Miscellaneous

• Boundaries of thoracic inlet. (June 2017)
• Vascular anomalies and its management. (June 2013)

PEDIATRIC SURGERY

1. Neonatal & Infant Conditions

Intestinal Obstruction & Vomiting in Neonates/Infants

• A 7-month-old child presents with abdominal distension...USG abdomen suggests ileo-ileal intussusception...How will you manage this patient? b) A 2 days old neonate presents with persistent bilious vomiting and lethargy. X-ray abdomen is suggestive of Double bubble sign. What is the diagnosis? Describe the treatment of this patient. (Oct 2024)
• Discuss the embryological principles, clinical presentation and management of small bowel malrotation; Discuss various causes for vomiting in a newborn. Describe the etiopathology and management of malrotation with midgut volvulus. (Oct 2023, Dec 2020)
• a) Malrotation of gut. (Oct 2024)
• Enumerate causes of bilious vomiting in infancy. Briefly discuss the presentation and management of intussusception in a nine months old infant. (Dec 2022)
• Upper GI obstruction in newborns. (June 2013)
• Discuss the special features and basic principles based on which you will prepare a 5 year old child for surgery of acute intussusception. (Dec 2012)
• a) Intussusception. (If general pediatric context). (May 2024)

Tracheo-oesophageal Fistula

• a) Classification of tracheo-oesophageal fistula. (May 2024)
• Describe the types, clinical features and management of a new-born baby with tracheoesophageal fistula. (Dec 2021)
• Classify tracheoesophageal fistulae and outline their management. (June 2012)

Pyloric Stenosis (Infantile Hypertrophic)

• Discuss the presentation, diagnosis and management of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis; Describe the pathophysiology of pyloric stenosis and electrolyte imbalances in this condition. (June 2021, Dec 2019, Dec 2013)

Hirschsprung's Disease

• a) Clinical features and management of Hirschsprung's disease. (June 2018, April 2016)

Ano-rectal Malformations

• Define and classify anorectal malformations. Briefly discuss the presentation & management of ano-rectal agenesis in a new born male child. (April 2023)

2. Pediatric Urology & Genital Anomalies

Undescended Testis (Cryptorchidism)

• Explain testicular development, evaluation and management of undescended testis; Diagnosis and principles of treatment of undescended testes; Consequences and management. (Oct 2024, June 2020, June 2019, Dec 2016, June 2014, June 2012)
• b) Discuss the management of unilateral undescended testis in a 20-year-old patient. (May 2024)
• a) Embryology of ectopic and undescended testes. b. Management of a 6 year old boy having bilateral undescended testes. (June 2013)

Testicular Torsion

• b) Clinical features and management of Torsion testis. (Dec 2021)
• An 11-year-old boy presents with acute scrotum of 2 hours duration. a) Enumerate the differential diagnosis. b) Clinical diagnosis for such a patient. c) State the investigations required. (June 2017)
• Diagnosis & management of Torsion Testis in an adolescent; Management of a 12 years old child with suspected torsion testis. (June 2016, Dec 2015, Dec 2014, Dec 2013)

Kidney & Ureter Anomalies

• a) Horseshoe kidney. (May 2024, June 2019)
• What is the embryological basis of unascended kidney? How will you diagnose a Horse shoe kidney? Discuss its management. (Dec 2013)
• c) Enumerate congenital anomalies of kidney and ureter; Classify congenital anomalies of kidney and ureter. (Dec 2017, June 2014)

3. Head, Neck & Thoracic Conditions in Children

Neck Swellings (Cystic Hygroma, Branchial Anomalies, Thyroglossal Cyst)

• a) Cystic hygroma. (Oct 2024)
• a) Embryology, clinical features and management of Cystic Hygroma. (Dec 2021, Dec 2016)
• a) Describe management of branchial cyst in a 5 year old boy. (May 2024)
• Enumerate causes of cystic swellings of the neck. Briefly discuss the presentation, diagnosis and management of branchial cyst. (June 2022)
• a) Embryogenesis of thyroglossal fistula. b) How would you manage a 4 year old child with subhyoid thyroglossal cyst? (June 2017)

Thoracic Conditions (Flail Chest, Pneumothorax)

• Describe flail chest, its presentation and management. Describe fracture of uppermost three ribs and its associated injuries. (Oct 2024, June 2021, June 2019, June 2016, Dec 2012)
• b) Management of recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax. (May 2024)
• b) Tension pneumothorax. (June 2019)

4. Pediatric Oncology

Neuroblastoma & Nephroblastoma (Wilms' Tumor)

• b) Presentation and management of Neuroblastoma. (May 2024)
• a) Differentiate between nephroblastoma and neuroblastoma. (June 2021)
• Compare the clinical presentation of "Wilm's tumor and retroperitoneal neuroblastoma" in a child. Describe the relevant investigations and principles of treatment of Wilm's tumor. (Dec 2012)

Other Tumors

• a) Gastrinoma triangle. (Usually adult but asked with Neuroblastoma). (May 2024)

5. General Pediatric Surgery & Miscellaneous

Hydrocele & Groin Swellings

• a) Classification and management of hydrocele. b) Clinical features and management of undescended testis. (June 2018)
• a) Differential diagnosis of groin swelling in a 2-year-old boy. (Oct 2023)

Other Conditions

• b) Psoas abscess. b) Torticollis. (Can be pediatric). (June 2019)

UROLOGIC SURGERY

1. Kidney & Ureter - Benign Conditions

Hydronephrosis & Pelvi-Ureteric Junction (PUJ) Obstruction

• Causes, diagnosis, pathophysiology (primary hydronephrosis), investigations, treatment options, and management of hydronephrosis and PUJ obstruction (including bilateral). (Oct 2024, Dec 2017, June 2016, June 2015, Dec 2014)

Renal & Ureteric Stones (Calculus Disease)

• Types of urinary/renal stones; Etiology of renal calculi; Clinical presentation, evaluation, and treatment options for renal and ureteric stones (including radiolucent stones, bilateral staghorn calculi with renal failure); Indications, contraindications, and complications of ESWL. (May 2024, April 2023, Dec 2018, Dec 2017, April 2016, Dec 2016, June 2014, Dec 2013)
• Ureteric colic. (Oct 2024)

Renal Trauma

• Classification/grading of renal injuries; Visceral injuries associated with pelvic fractures; Role of imaging; Principles of management of blunt renal injuries (including massive hematuria). (Dec 2016, Dec 2015, June 2014, Dec 2012)

Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) & Renal Tuberculosis

• Surgically correctible causes leading to recurrent UTI; Recent trends in management of recurrent UTI. (Dec 2019)
• Pathophysiology, sequelae, and management of renal tuberculosis. (June 2020, Dec 2017)

2. Kidney & Ureter - Malignant Conditions (Renal Cell Carcinoma)

• Classification of renal tumors; Clinical features, staging (TNM), workup, diagnosis, and management of Renal Cell Carcinoma (Grawitz tumour). (June 2021, June 2015, June 2012, Dec 2017)
• Enumerate the causes of hematuria (often a presenting symptom of RCC). (Dec 2021)

3. Bladder - Benign & Malignant Conditions

Bladder Calculus & Trauma

• Aetiopathogenesis, clinical features, and management of vesical calculus. (April 2016)
• Classify bladder injuries; Management of extraperitoneal bladder injuries. (June 2014)

Bladder Cancer

• Clinical features, evaluation, diagnosis, staging, and treatment/management of muscle invasive and non-muscle invasive bladder cancer; Etiopathogenesis of Ca bladder. (April 2023, Dec 2022, June 2021)

Bladder Dysfunction, Incontinence & LUTS

• Physiology of normal urinary bladder function (storage and voiding); Causes of urinary incontinence; Treatment of post prostatectomy incontinence. (Dec 2014, June 2014)
• Paradoxical urinary incontinence in a child: Embryological anomaly, evaluation, and treatment. (April 2023)
• Urodynamic evaluation of urinary tract; Urodynamic studies. (June 2020, May 2024)
• Neurogenic bladder. (Oct 2024)

4. Prostate - Benign & Malignant Conditions

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) & LUTS

• Physiology of normal urinary bladder function; Indications and various treatment options (medical and surgical, including newer energy sources) for BPH presenting with LUTS; Etiopathogenesis of BPH. (June 2021, Dec 2019, Dec 2017, April 2016, June 2015, June 2014, Dec 2012)

Prostate Cancer

• Investigations, diagnosis, staging (TNM), treatment modalities (medical and surgical), and management of carcinoma prostate (including metastatic and cases with acute retention). (June 2021, June 2017, June 2016, Dec 2014)
• Management of a 2 cm nodule in the prostate detected in a 60-year-old patient with PSA of 24 ng/ml. (May 2024)
• Screening for prostate cancer; PSA Velocity. (Dec 2017, June 2019)
• Complication of radical prostatectomy. (Dec 2017)

5. Urethra - Stricture, Trauma, Rupture

Urethral Stricture

• Etiology of traumatic urethral stricture; Evaluation of urethral stricture; Principles of management of urethral injury following pelvic fracture; Various investigations and treatment for stricture urethra. (Dec 2016, June 2014, Dec 2013)

Urethral Trauma & Rupture

• Management of rupture urethra; Rupture of membranous urethra; Complications of urethral injuries and their management. (June 2013, June 2012, Dec 2011)
• Emergency evaluation and management of straddle injury with hematuria, blood at meatus and perineal hematoma. (Oct 2024, April 2023)

6. Testis & Scrotum - Benign & Malignant Conditions

Testicular Tumors (Germ Cell & Non-Germ Cell)

• TNM staging of testicular tumors; Management of non-seminomatous germ cell tumours; How to manage a 25-year-old man with suspected right testicular tumour? (April 2016, Dec 2017, June 2015)
• Tumour markers in management of testicular tumours. (Dec 2015)

Acute Scrotum & Testicular Torsion

• Causes of acute scrotum and its management; Diagnosis and management of sudden onset acute scrotal pain in a 25 year old wrestler. (Dec 2019, April 2023)
• Acute scrotum in an 11-year-old boy: Differential diagnosis, clinical diagnosis, and investigations. (June 2017)

Other Scrotal Conditions

• Pathogenesis, classification and investigation of hydrocele. (June 2013)
• Enumerate causes of varicocele. How will you treat such a case? (Dec 2013)
• Management of a 50-year-old man with painless progressively increasing swelling in the right scrotum. (May 2024)

7. Urinary Diversion & Reconstruction

• How an ileal conduit is constructed? What is its post operative care?; What are the metabolic changes and complications? (Dec 2014, Dec 2013, June 2012)
• Indications of urinary diversion; Various types of urinary diversion, their advantages and disadvantages. (April 2016, June 2017)
• Metabolic complications of ureteroileostomy (ileal conduit). (May 2024)

8. Male Infertility & Vasectomy

• Indications and complications of vasectomy; How will you perform 'No Scalpel Vasectomy' (NSV)?; How is it different from conventional vasectomy? (Dec 2014, Dec 2012, Dec 2011)
• Types of vasectomy; Enumerate the complications of vasectomy; List the criteria for an ideal candidate for vasectomy. (June 2017)

BIOSTATISTICS & EVIDENCE-BASED SURGERY

1. Clinical/Scientific Study Designs & Research Methodology

• Types of clinical/scientific study designs; Characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of commonly used study designs; Overview of types of scientific studies used in surgical practice. (Oct 2024, April 2023, June 2021, Dec 2018, Dec 2016, June 2016, Dec 2014)
• Principles of selecting a good topic for surgical thesis research; List the criteria for a good research topic for postgraduate thesis. (April 2023, June 2017)
• Steps in planning a Randomised Controlled Study; What is understood by a ‘blinded' trial? (Dec 2021, June 2018)
• Explain the IMRAD format of a scientific paper. (Dec 2021)

2. Biostatistics (P-value, Confidence Intervals, Sample Size)

• Definition and significance of 'p' value, 'confidence intervals' in data analysis, and ‘Standard Deviation'; Randomization methods in a clinical research and definition of P-value. (May 2024, June 2019)
• Principles of statistical analysis of a research project. (Dec 2022)
• Sample size calculation for a research project: Importance, method of calculation for a therapeutic trial/proper statistical analysis; Why is it necessary to calculate a sample size? (Dec 2020, June 2018, June 2017, June 2016, Dec 2014)

3. Evidence-Based Medicine & Surgical Audit

• Levels of evidence in medical research/evidence-based surgery; Grades/Categories of recommendation; Meta-analysis and systematic review: Definitions and role; 'Strength of evidence' and 'quality of evidence' in a clinical trial. (Oct 2023, Dec 2019, June 2018, June 2017, Dec 2016)
• Role of Experimental Surgery Laboratory in Surgical Research. (Dec 2019)
• Surgical Audit: Definition and methods; Discuss evidence based surgical practice and quality assurance. (June 2022, June 2020)
• Compare and contrast research, clinical audit and service evaluation; Enumerate differences. (June 2015, June 2014)

4. Research Ethics & Bias

• Composition of ethical committee. (June 2019)
• Types of bias in scientific studies; What is 'bias' in clinical research and how it can be minimized/avoided in data collection? (June 2022, June 2014, Dec 2018)
• Informed consent (as related to research). (Dec 2020)
• Peer review: Definition and role. (June 2016)

5. Screening Principles (As related to research/public health aspect)

• Criteria and advantages for screening of a cancer; Principles, advantages and limitations of screening for cancer; Define screening; Ideal attributes of the disease to be screened; Various methods used for screening (e.g., colorectal cancer). (Dec 2020, June 2020, Dec 2015, Dec 2013)